L3-004. 肿瘤诊断-PAT团体程序设计天梯赛GPLT(广度优先搜索)

在诊断肿瘤疾病时,计算肿瘤体积是很重要的一环。给定病灶扫描切片中标注出的疑似肿瘤区域,请你计算肿瘤的体积。

输入格式:

输入第一行给出4个正整数:M、N、L、T,其中M和N是每张切片的尺寸(即每张切片是一个M×N的像素矩阵。最大分辨率是1286×128);L(<=60)是切片的张数;T是一个整数阈值(若疑似肿瘤的连通体体积小于T,则该小块忽略不计)。

最后给出L张切片。每张用一个由0和1组成的M×N的矩阵表示,其中1表示疑似肿瘤的像素,0表示正常像素。由于切片厚度可以认为是一个常数,于是我们只要数连通体中1的个数就可以得到体积了。麻烦的是,可能存在多个肿瘤,这时我们只统计那些体积不小于T的。两个像素被认为是“连通的”,如果它们有一个共同的切面,如下图所示,所有6个红色的像素都与蓝色的像素连通。

输出格式:

在一行中输出肿瘤的总体积。

输入样例:

3 4 5 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0

输出样例:

26

分析:三维的广度优先搜索~XYZ三个数组判断方向,对每一个点广度优先累计肿瘤块的大小,如果大于等于t就把结果累加。用visit数组标记当前的点有没有被访问过,被访问过的结点是不会再访问的。。judge判断是否超过了边界,或者是否当前结点为0不是肿瘤~

1091. Acute Stroke (30)-PAT甲级真题(广度优先搜索)

One important factor to identify acute stroke (急性脑卒中) is the volume of the stroke core. Given the results of image analysis in which the core regions are identified in each MRI slice, your job is to calculate the volume of the stroke core.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. For each case, the first line contains 4 positive integers: M, N, L and T, where M and N are the sizes of each slice (i.e. pixels of a slice are in an M by N matrix, and the maximum resolution is 1286 by 128); L (<=60) is the number of slices of a brain; and T is the integer threshold (i.e. if the volume of a connected core is less than T, then that core must not be counted).

Then L slices are given. Each slice is represented by an M by N matrix of 0’s and 1’s, where 1 represents a pixel of stroke, and 0 means normal. Since the thickness of a slice is a constant, we only have to count the number of 1’s to obtain the volume. However, there might be several separated core regions in a brain, and only those with their volumes no less than T are counted. Two pixels are “connected” and hence belong to the same region if they share a common side, as shown by Figure 1 where all the 6 red pixels are connected to the blue one.
Figure 1
Output Specification:

For each case, output in a line the total volume of the stroke core.

Sample Input:
3 4 5 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
Sample Output:
26

题目大意:给定一个三维数组,0表示正常1表示有肿瘤,肿瘤块的大小大于等于t才算作是肿瘤,让计算所有满足肿瘤块的大小
分析:三维的广度优先搜索~XYZ三个数组判断方向,对每一个点广度优先累计肿瘤块的大小,如果大于等于t就把结果累加。用visit数组标记当前的点有没有被访问过,被访问过的结点是不会再访问的。。judge判断是否超过了边界,或者是否当前结点为0不是肿瘤~

 

1049. Counting Ones (30)-PAT甲级真题(数学问题)

The task is simple: given any positive integer N, you are supposed to count the total number of 1’s in the decimal form of the integers from 1 to N. For example, given N being 12, there are five 1’s in 1, 10, 11, and 12.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case which gives the positive N (<=230).

Output Specification:

For each test case, print the number of 1’s in one line.

Sample Input:
12
Sample Output:
5
题目大意:给出一个数字n,求1~n的所有数字里面出现1的个数
分析:这是一道数学问题。从第一位(个位)到最高位,设now为当前位的数字,left为now左边的所有数字构成的数字,right是now右边的所有数字构成的数字。只需要一次次累加对于当前位now来说可能出现1的个数,然后把它们累加即可。a表示当前的个位为1,十位为10,百位为100类推。
对于now,有三种情况:
1.now == 0 : 那么 ans += left * a; //因为now==0说明now位只有在left从0~left-1的时候会产生1,所以会产生left次,但是又因为右边会重复从0~999…出现a次
2.now == 1 : ans += left * a + right + 1;//now = 1的时候就要比上一步多加一个当now为1的时候右边出现0~right个数导致的now为1的次数
3.now >= 2 : ans += (left + 1) * a;//now大于等于2就左边0~left的时候会在now位置产生1,所以会产生left次,但是又因为右边会重复从0~999…出现a次

 

1038. Recover the Smallest Number (30)-PAT甲级真题(贪心算法)

Given a collection of number segments, you are supposed to recover the smallest number from them. For example, given {32, 321, 3214, 0229, 87}, we can recover many numbers such like 32-321-3214-0229-87 or 0229-32-87-321-3214 with respect to different orders of combinations of these segments, and the smallest number is 0229-321-3214-32-87.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. Each case gives a positive integer N (<=10000) followed by N number segments. Each segment contains a non-negative integer of no more than 8 digits. All the numbers in a line are separated by a space.

Output Specification:

For each test case, print the smallest number in one line. Do not output leading zeros.

Sample Input:
5 32 321 3214 0229 87
Sample Output:
22932132143287
题目大意:给一些字符串,求它们拼接起来构成最小数字的方式
分析:贪心算法。让我们一起来见证cmp函数的强大之处!!~~不是按照字典序排列就可以的,必须保证两个字符串构成的数字是最小的才行,所以cmp函数写成return a + b < b + a;的形式,保证它排列按照能够组成的最小数字的形式排列。
因为字符串可能前面有0,这些要移除掉(用s.erase(s.begin())就可以了~嗯~string如此神奇~~)。输出拼接后的字符串即可。
注意:如果移出了0之后发现s.length() == 0了,说明这个数是0,那么要特别地输出这个0,否则会什么都不输出~

 

1067. Sort with Swap(0,*) (25)-PAT甲级真题(贪心算法)

Given any permutation of the numbers {0, 1, 2,…, N-1}, it is easy to sort them in increasing order. But what if Swap(0, *) is the ONLY operation that is allowed to use? For example, to sort {4, 0, 2, 1, 3} we may apply the swap operations in the following way:
Swap(0, 1) => {4, 1, 2, 0, 3}
Swap(0, 3) => {4, 1, 2, 3, 0}
Swap(0, 4) => {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
Now you are asked to find the minimum number of swaps need to sort the given permutation of the first N nonnegative integers.
Input Specification:
Each input file contains one test case, which gives a positive N (<=105) followed by a permutation sequence of {0, 1, …, N-1}. All the numbers in a line are separated by a space.
Output Specification:
For each case, simply print in a line the minimum number of swaps need to sort the given permutation.

Sample Input:
10 3 5 7 2 6 4 9 0 8 1
Sample Output:
9
题目大意:给出一个n个数的序列,数字为0~n-1的乱序,每次用两两交换的方式而且只能用0和另一个数交换,使序列变成有序的,问最少需要多少步骤。
分析:1.0号为哨兵, 用哨兵与其他数字交换,使其他数字回到有序的位置(最后有序时所处的位置),则排序完成
2.a[t] = i; 表示t数字当前正在占着哪一个位置。 (如果想实时监测每个数字的位置,可以用 b 数组{b[a[i]] = i } 缓存一下数据,输出查看的)
3.依次遍历每个位置i,如果当前位置不是与之对应的数字,那么我们让这哨兵来去该数执行操作回到正确位置
4.数字如何被哨兵执行操作回到序的位置:
如果哨兵此时不在自己有序的位置上,那就,先让哨兵去让他占的那个位置上的真正应该放的数字回到此位置,即交换哨兵和此数字,我们swap(a[0],a[a0]),直到哨兵在交换的过程中回到了自己的有序位置。字词再次检查该位置是不是应该放的数字(别的数字回到有序位置的时候即哨兵执行操作的过程中,有可能让此位置该有的数字回到位置)。如果此位置不是当前数字,那哨兵和他交换swap(a[0],a[i]),就是让他先去哨兵的有序位置待一会,等下一轮操作,哨兵会把他交换回来的。如果此位置已经是该数字了,那就什么都不做。
5.当到达最后一个位置时候,两种情况 1)。如果第一个数字和最后一个数字都在自己的有序位置 那ok~ 2).哨兵和最后一个数字互相占着对方的位置,那最后一个数字就是哨兵,交换一次后,哨兵在交换后的位置等待,就是已经回到自己的有序位置,此时排序也是完成的。此过程包括在4里面了,怕你们不理解,单独说一下~

1113. Integer Set Partition (25)-PAT甲级真题

Given a set of N (> 1) positive integers, you are supposed to partition them into two disjoint sets A1 and A2 of n1 and n2 numbers, respectively. Let S1 and S2 denote the sums of all the numbers in A1 and A2, respectively. You are supposed to make the partition so that |n1 – n2| is minimized first, and then |S1 – S2| is maximized.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. For each case, the first line gives an integer N (2 <= N <= 105), and then N positive integers follow in the next line, separated by spaces. It is guaranteed that all the integers and their sum are less than 231.

Output Specification:

For each case, print in a line two numbers: |n1 – n2| and |S1 – S2|, separated by exactly one space.

Sample Input 1:
10
23 8 10 99 46 2333 46 1 666 555
Sample Output 1:
0 3611
Sample Input 2:
13
110 79 218 69 3721 100 29 135 2 6 13 5188 85
Sample Output 2:
1 9359

题目大意:要求把一个集合分成两个不相交的集合,使得这两个集合的元素个数相差最小的前提下,两个集合的总和之差最大
分析:先把集合内n个元素排序,计算前n/2个元素的总和,然后用总的总和sum – 2 * halfsum即为 |S1 – S2|。
|n1 – n2|就是n % 2的结果,奇数为1,偶数为0。(总和sum的值其实可以在输入的时候就累加得到啦~)